This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. ", Dai, Yingcong. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. // that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. Omissions? He simply and quietly disappeared. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd.
READ: Economic and Material Causes of Revolt - Khan Academy A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. . Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. . How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. . The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX.
Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Chien-lung A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Update now. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. (present perfect, tell). [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. ." Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. "[5] Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society.
Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.
History & Facts of The White Lotus Movement - China Underground Szczepanski, Kallie. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. As one Qing official complained:[9]. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? 12 talking about this. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China.
White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - globalsecurity.org A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty.
It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. . The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders.
Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty.
7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. [6] In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests.
Used Lotus Evora 400 for Sale in Frisco, TX | Edmunds The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.
Ming events - Europa Universalis 4 Wiki - Paradox Wikis When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). #ga-ad {display: none;}
Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty.
White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet id Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. [CDATA[ When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia.
Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful.
The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9].
An introduction to 19th-century China | British Museum Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China.
Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838.
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