The aim of this essay is to discuss the importance of Information Processing Theory in clinical decision making in nursing practice. and Fiore, S.M., 2014, September. Information processing theory evolved in the 1950s and early 1960s from the belief that human thought occurs similar to computers (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2004). Parallel processing is probably more frequent when someone is highly skilled; for example, a skilled typist thinks several letters ahead, while a novice focuses on just one letter at a time. Metacognition allows students to remember and solve problems.
Information Processing Theory: Definition and Examples - ThoughtCo This was referred to as the information processing approach and is still fundamental to cognitive psychology today. A program that successfully matches the childs output is considered to be a theory of how the childs mind operates. Another advantage of this model is that it explains why some stimuli are easier to remember than others. He proposed that individuals could only store five to nine chunks, or meaningful units, of information in their short-term memory. The information processing approach has gained considerable popularity in recent years. London: Pergamon Press. Based on the interpretation of cue the hypothesis is evaluated which forms the component 4 of decision making. The three theories that would be discussed in this essay are: Information Processing Theory, Expected Utility Theory and Social Judgment Theory. Information-Processing Theory was developed by American psychologists including George Miller in the 1950s. It was initially proposed in the mid-50s by American psychologists including George Miller to explain how people process information into memory. It is difficult to determine whether a particular task is processed in a serial or parallel fashion as it probably depends (a) on the processes required to solve a task and (b) the amount of practice on a task. Information processing theorists assume that development involves qualitative and quantitative changes. During the short-term memory stage, information is transferred to short-term memory, where it can remain for 15 to 20 seconds. These operations include all mental activities that involve noticing, taking in, manipulating, storing, combining, or retrieving information. Links between connectionism and 'situated cognition' are demonstrated. In the Information Processing theory model, concepts of cognitive science is utilized and focuses on the memory capacity (which is important to understand how much information can be memorized by an individual), chunking or clustering the complex information into patterns that can be recognized, evaluating alternate options and identify paths to solutions (Libby 2017). 3504-3512). Indiveri, G. and Liu, S.C., 2015. The output (i.e., behavior) might be, for example, to read what you can see on a printed page. Cognitive load can be avoided through attention and rehearsal, which leads to information moving into long-term memory; only presenting a few new things at once; and chunking, which involves putting pieces of information together to help a person remember them. Several different types of information are encoded and organized in long-term memory: declarative information, which is information that can be discussed such as facts, concepts, and ideas (semantic memory) and personal experiences (episodic memory); procedural information, which is information about how to do something like drive a car or brush your teeth; and imagery, which are mental pictures. ThoughtCo, Dec. 6, 2021, thoughtco.com/information-processing-theory-definition-and-examples-4797966. pros and cons of information processing theory. A key assumption of this theory is that only a limited amount of information can be processed at time, and effective problem solving is adapted to such a limit (Dodge 2014). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. Using Emotional Intelligence to Reveal Social Judgment Theory (Doctoral dissertation, Gonzaga University). ii) It also cannot explain complex cognitive functions of an individual as well as the perceptual and emotional dimensions involved in human development. When learning new material, young children are likely to use very simple strategies, while older children employ more elaborative strategies to aid in memorizing information. This is the idea behind chunking, or grouping information so that it's easier to remember and easier to avoid cognitive load. Craik and Lockharts Level of Processing Model, Parallel-Distributed Processing Model and Connectionist Model. So the more Joanie's teacher can help her practice word recognition, the better she'll become at it. The theory focuses on cognitive perspectives which studies how an individual perceive situations. How many pieces is not agreed on, although many still point to Miller to identify the number as five to nine. Many theories have been proposed over the years to explain the developmental changes that people undergo over the . Discuss about the Importance of Information Processing Theory in Clinical Decision making in Nursing Practice. Shows that perception, attention and memory are interdependent as memory traces are formed due to attention and perception - major . ii) It helps to understand how risk aversion influences clinical decision making. The model was later modified by other researchers but the basic outline of stage theory continues to be a cornerstone of information processing theory. If Joanie's teacher can group information together to help Joanie remember it, she will be better off. What Is the Recency Effect in Psychology? Other theorists believe that childrens natural maturation processes influence the complexity of their thinking. Social Judgment Theory: The strengths of this theory include: i) It helps to explain how persuasion can be affected by the perception of a message. (1996).Information-processing theory. Teachers gain insight into how children select, organize, and integrate information by listening to childrens explanations to each other or from teacher-child interaction. succeed. Neisser, U. Choi, E., Bahadori, M.T., Sun, J., Kulas, J., Schuetz, A. and Stewart, W., 2016. This theory is based on the implicit economic cognition hypothesis which provides a more comprehensive description of human decision making behavior (Greco et al. These operations include all mental activities that involve noticing, taking in, manipulating, storing, combining, or retrieving information. Utilizing story books that show characters resolving conflict, is an example (Lynch & Simpson, 2010)., After each section, tips were provided on how educators could use their theories in the classroom. prenhall.com) This way of looking at information makes sense to most . The theory does not consider the involvement of ego in the decision making process. Sternberg, J. Hall, C.C. Human cognition: Learning, understanding and remembering. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), pp.410-419. This was extended by Rumelhart and McClellands connectionist model in 1986, which said that information is stored in various locations throughout the brain that is connected through a network. Ramos, G.M., Daamen, W. and Hoogendoorn, S., 2014.
According to Millers theory, information processing in humans involves gathering and representing information (encoding), holding information (retention), and getting at the information when necessary (retrieval). This can involve sharing photographs or palpating the lower abdomen for signs of tenderness. Also, information that is familiar and has often been repeated doesnt require as much cognitive capacity and, therefore, will be easier to process. and Obrien, J.L., 2016, January. ii) It helps to focus on the dynamic mental processes that are involved in decision making which has helped to revolutionize developmental psychology. This theory emerged during a time when computer technology became an emergent field and led to theories of the mind employing similar methods of information storage and retrieval. The more successful we become at examining part of the cognitive system in isolation, the less our data are likely to tell us about cognition in everyday life. Cognitive load involves having too much information in working memory and not being able to remember anything. Information processing is especially interested in how people select, store and retrieve memories. Wade, , & Tavris, C. (1990). During early and middle childhood, metacognition . The concept of chunking was one of Millers major contributions, because it became a basic element of later theories of memory. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. most computers have a central processor of limited capacity, and it is usually assumed that capacity limitations affect the human attentional system. For example, according to this theory and its supporting research, trying to find your keys after misplacing them can be difficult if you cannot remember where you were the last time you saw them. Models of information processing in the brain. Dodge, K.A., 2014. Proceedings of the IEEE, 103(8), pp.1379-1397. and Hinton, G.E., 2014. As a result, an upsurge in theories resulted that detailed models of human thinking and problem solving. So, for example, if Joanie is able to automatically recognize that the combination of the letters 'c,' 'a,' and 't' spell 'cat,' then she doesn't have to waste space in her working memory remembering individual letters. Deep neural networks: a new framework for modeling biological vision and brain information processing. Orlando's theory of nursing process describes nurses' reactions to . Let's take a look at some of its pros. This aspect of change implies that, when teaching children new things, it is important to consider where they are in the developmental process and to adjust teaching techniques so that they are compatible with childrens information processing capabilities. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/information-processing-theory-definition-and-examples-4797966. There are many theories. Each of these theories have utilizes in the clinical decision making process, and can be applicable in the nursing practice. Critical Analysis: The information processing theory has been criticized by authors as the studies supporting the theory were mostly based on simulated cases rather than real life scenarios, and each leading the dissimilar possibilities of outcomes. Cognitivist models typically placed an emphasis on serial, or step-by-step, processing of information and adopted the computer as a model of human cognitive activity.
Application of a model of social information processing to nursing In this essay, information processing theory will be compared with social judgment theory and expected utility, with the three theories being outlined. Information seeking in uncertainty management theory: exposure to information about medical uncertainty and information-processing orientation as predictors of uncertainty management success. Cognitive psychology sees the individual as a processor of information, in much the same way that a computer takes in information and follows a program to produce an output. However, a significant counter argument that supports this model for clinical decision making is the possibility to incorporate loss aversion, which can prevent adverse effects of wrong treatment in case of an uncertain treatment plan. Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. Selective attention in man. Cognitive development: An informationprocessing approach. Social information processing theory clarifies online relational communication without nonverbal signals and create and oversee connections in a computer mediated communication (CMC). He believed children were motivated to learn and that, Children in middle childhood are growing psychosocially at a quick rate. This can cause problems in learning. (1998).
What is Information Processing Theory? Stages, Models & Limitations In 1956 George A. Miller was among the first to apply a step-by-step theory to information processing by relating it to the way that high-speed computers processed information.
Pros and Cons: Personal Evaluation - Information Processing Theory Once again, this kind of memory doesnt last long,only about 15 to 20 seconds. Definition and Examples, parallel-distributed processing model and connectionist model, https://www.learning-theories.com/information-processing-theory.html, http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cognition/infoproc.html, https://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/information-processing/, https://www.simplypsychology.org/information-processing.html, https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/developmental-psychology/cognitive-development/information-processing-theory/, Ph.D., Psychology, Fielding Graduate University, M.A., Psychology, Fielding Graduate University. (1967). Aesaert, K., Van Nijlen, D., Vanderlinde, R. and van Braak, J., 2014.
PDF An evaluation of dual-process theories of reasoning - Springer iii) This model abandons emotions and behaviors in favor of the approach towards cognitive information processing (Indiveri and Liu 2015).